Compare policy approaches
Put comparable state bills, federal bills, and regulatory actions side by side.
Choose policies to compare
Select two to four tracked items. This is a neutral comparison of policy approaches, not legal advice.
Side by side view
How this comparison worksDimensions, gaps, and why there is no single score
What is compared: status, jurisdiction, and the policy mechanism and topic signals attached to each tracked record. Mechanism and topic rows show whether a signal was detected for each record.
Signals are text derived. Mechanism rows come from deterministic rules over the record’s title, summary, and status; topic rows are AI classified against a fixed vocabulary. They are triage aids, not legal readings of the underlying law.
A dash means “not detected,” not “absent.” A blank cell means the signal was not found in the tracked text. The policy may still address it in provisions not captured here. Confirm against the source record and full text.
No composite score. These are heterogeneous federal and state measures at different stages; a single “strongest” number would hide the tradeoffs it claims to summarize. The comparison surfaces dimensions and lets you weigh them, rather than ranking the records for you.
| Dimension | StatePA-HB 2535An Act providing for the public safety regulation of large load users; requiring the submission of emergency operations plans and generalized infrastructure inventories as a condition of occupancy; protecting confidential security information; and providing for enforcement and penalties. | CRSIF13306Congressional Authority to Regulate Data Centers | StateOH-SB 381Require PUCO approval to connect data centers to electrical grid | StateMD-SB 992Public Utilities - Large Load Customers - Registration and Demand Response Program |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Threshold | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source |
| Covered entity | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source |
| Energy obligation | Grid/interconnection signal detected; inspect source passage. | Grid/interconnection signal detected; inspect source passage. | Grid/interconnection signal detected; inspect source passage. | Grid/interconnection signal detected; inspect source passage. |
| Water obligation | Not established in tracked text | Water-standard signal detected; inspect source passage. | Not established in tracked text | Not established in tracked text |
| Cost responsibility | Not established in tracked text | Rate or incentive signal detected; allocation terms require source review. | Not established in tracked text | Rate or incentive signal detected; allocation terms require source review. |
| Siting authority | Not established in tracked text | Siting or moratorium signal detected; authority requires source review. | Not established in tracked text | Not established in tracked text |
| Community role | Not established in tracked text | Participation signal detected; rights and process require source review. | Not established in tracked text | Not established in tracked text |
| Disclosure requirement | Not established in tracked text | Not established in tracked text | Not established in tracked text | Disclosure/reporting signal detected; inspect source passage. |
| Enforcement | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source |
| Effective date | Last tracked action: 2026-09-30; not necessarily an effective date. | Last tracked action: 2026-09-10; not necessarily an effective date. | Last tracked action: 2026-03-25; not necessarily an effective date. | Last tracked action: 2026-03-12; not necessarily an effective date. |
| Exceptions | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source | Not yet structured; inspect the primary source |
| Status | (Remarks see House Journal Page ), Sept. 30, 2026 | CRS Resources · Active | Referred to committee: Public Utilities | In the Senate - Hearing 3/12 at 1:00 p.m. |
| Jurisdiction | PA | Federal / agency | OH | MD |
| Policy signals | Grid & interconnection | Community participationGrid & interconnectionMoratoriumSiting & permittingTax incentive / clawbackUtility rate / large-load tariffWater standard | Grid & interconnection | Disclosure & reportingGrid & interconnectionTax incentive / clawback |
| Disclosure & reporting | — | — | — | ✓ |
| Moratorium | — | ✓ | — | — |
| Utility rate / large-load tariff | — | ✓ | — | — |
| Tax incentive / clawback | — | ✓ | — | ✓ |
| Siting & permitting | — | ✓ | — | — |
| Water standard | — | ✓ | — | — |
| Grid & interconnection | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Community participation | — | ✓ | — | — |
| Topics | Certification & StandardsSiting & Land Use | CarbonCertification & StandardsEnergyGrid ReliabilityRatepayerSiting & Land UseTax IncentivesWater | Certification & StandardsEnergyGrid ReliabilityRatepayerSiting & Land Use | Certification & StandardsEnergyGrid ReliabilityRatepayerSiting & Land UseTax Incentives |
| energy | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| water | — | ✓ | — | — |
| carbon | — | ✓ | — | — |
| certification standards | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| tax incentives | — | ✓ | — | ✓ |
| siting land use | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| ratepayer | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| grid reliability | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Signals are text derived triage aids. Read the source record and full text before reaching a policy conclusion.